使用PHPUnit做单元测试

PHPUnit是最流行的PHP测试框架。配置是使用非常简单。此外,这个框架支持代码覆盖率报告,还有需要额外的插件。上一小节中的Codeception使用PHPUnit来工作,并写单元测试。在这个小节中,我们将会使用PHPUnit测试创建一个购物车扩展示例。

准备

按照官方指南http://www.yiiframework.com/doc-2.0/guide-start-installation.html的描述,使用Composer包管理器创建一个新的yii2-app-basic应用。

如何做...

首先,我们必须为我们的扩展创建一个新的空目录。

准备扩展结构

  1. 首先,为你的扩展创建目录结构:
book
└── cart
    ├── src
    └── tests

为了将这个扩展做为一个Composer包,准备book/cart/composer.json

{
    "name": "book/cart",
    "type": "yii2-extension",
    "require": {
        "yiisoft/yii2": "~2.0"
    },
    "require-dev": {
        "phpunit/phpunit": "4.*"
    },
    "autoload": {
        "psr-4": {
            "book\\cart\\": "src/",
            "book\\cart\\tests\\": "tests/"
        }
    },
    "extra": {
        "asset-installer-paths": {
            "npm-asset-library": "vendor/npm",
            "bower-asset-library": "vendor/bower"
        }
    }
}
  1. book/cart/.gitignore文件中添加如下内容:
/vendor
/composer.lock
  1. 添加如下内容到PHPUnit默认配置文件中book/cart/phpunit.xml.dist
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<phpunit bootstrap="./tests/bootstrap.php"
         colors="true"
         convertErrorsToExceptions="true"
         convertNoticesToExceptions="true"
         convertWarningsToExceptions="true"
         stopOnFailure="false">
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="Test Suite">
            <directory>./tests</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <filter>
        <whitelist>
            <directory suffix=".php">./src/</directory>
        </whitelist>
    </filter>
</phpunit>
  1. 安装扩展的所有依赖:
composer install
  1. 现在我们可以获取如下结构:
book
└── cart
    ├── src
    ├── tests
    ├── .gitignore
    ├── composer.json
    ├── phpunit.xml.dist
    └── vendor

写扩展代码

为了写扩展代码,执行如下步骤:

  1. src文件夹中,创建book\cart\Cart类:
<?php
namespace book\cart;
use book\cart\storage\StorageInterface;
use yii\base\Component;
use yii\base\InvalidConfigException;
class Cart extends Component
{
    /**
     * @var StorageInterface
     */
    private $_storage;
    /**
     * @var array
     */
    private $_items;
    public function setStorage($storage)
    {
        if (is_array($storage)) {
            $this->_storage = \Yii::createObject($storage);
        } else {
            $this->_storage = $storage;
        }
    }
    public function add($id, $amount = 1)
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        if (isset($this->_items[$id])) {
            $this->_items[$id] += $amount;
        } else {
            $this->_items[$id] = $amount;
        }
        $this->saveItems();
    }
    public function set($id, $amount)
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        $this->_items[$id] = $amount;
        $this->saveItems();
    }
    public function remove($id)
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        if (isset($this->_items[$id])) {
            unset($this->_items[$id]);
        }
        $this->saveItems();
    }
    public function clear()
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        $this->_items = [];
        $this->saveItems();
    }
    public function getItems()
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        return $this->_items;
    }
    public function getCount()
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        return count($this->_items);
    }
    public function getAmount()
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        return array_sum($this->_items);
    }
    private function loadItems()
    {
        if ($this->_storage === null) {
            throw new InvalidConfigException('Storage must be set');
        }
        if ($this->_items === null) {
            $this->_items = $this->_storage->load();
        }
    }
    private function saveItems()
    {
        $this->_storage->save($this->_items);
    }
}
  1. src/storage子文件夹中创建StorageInterface接口:
<?php
namespace book\cart\storage;
interface StorageInterface
{
    /**
     * @return array
     */
    public function load();
    /**
     * @param array $items
     */
    public function save(array $items);
}

以及SessionStorage类:

<?php
namespace book\cart\storage;
use Yii;
class SessionStorage implements StorageInterface
{
    public $sessionKey = 'cart';
    public function load()
    {
        return Yii::$app->session->get($this->sessionKey, []);
    }
    public function save(array $items)
    {
        Yii::$app->session->set($this->sessionKey, $items);
    }
}}
  1. 现在我们可以得到如下结构:
book
└── cart
    ├── src
    │ ├── storage
    │ │ ├── SessionStorage.php
    │ │ └── StorageInterface.php
    │ └── Cart.php
    ├── tests
    ├── .gitignore
    ├── composer.json
    ├── phpunit.xml.dist
    └── vendor

写扩展测试

为了实施这个扩展测试,执行如下步骤:

  1. 为PHPUnit添加book/cart/tests/bootstrap.php入口:
<?php
defined('YII_DEBUG') or define('YII_DEBUG', true);
defined('YII_ENV') or define('YII_ENV', 'test');
require(__DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php');
require(__DIR__ . '/../vendor/yiisoft/yii2/Yii.php');
  1. 在每一个测试前,通过初始化Yii应用创建一个测试基类,然后在销毁应用时释放:
<?php
namespace book\cart\tests;
use yii\di\Container;
use yii\web\Application;
abstract class TestCase extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    protected function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->mockApplication();
    }
    protected function tearDown()
    {
        $this->destroyApplication();
        parent::tearDown();
    }
    protected function mockApplication()
    {
        new Application([
            'id' => 'testapp',
            'basePath' => __DIR__,
            'vendorPath' => dirname(__DIR__) . '/vendor',
        ]);
    }
    protected function destroyApplication()
    {
        \Yii::$app = null;
        \Yii::$container = new Container();
    }
}
  1. 添加一个基于内存的干净的fake类,这个类继承StorageInterface接口:
<?php
namespace book\cart\tests\storage;
use book\cart\storage\StorageInterface;
class FakeStorage implements StorageInterface
{
    private $items = [];
    public function load()
    {
        return $this->items;
    }
    public function save(array $items)
    {
        $this->items = $items;
    }
}

它将会存储一些条目到一个私有变量中,而不是一个真正的session中。它允许我们能独立运行这个测试(不需要真正的存储驱动),并提高测试性能。

  1. 添加CartTest类:
<?php
namespace book\cart\tests;
use book\cart\Cart;
use book\cart\tests\storage\FakeStorage;
class CartTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @var Cart
     */
    private $cart;
    public function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->cart = new Cart(['storage' => new
        FakeStorage()]);
    }
    public function testEmpty()
    {
        $this->assertEquals([], $this->cart->getItems());
        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->cart->getCount());
        $this->assertEquals(0, $this->cart->getAmount());
    }
    public function testAdd()
    {
        $this->cart->add(5, 3);
        $this->assertEquals([5 => 3], $this->cart->getItems());
        $this->cart->add(7, 14);
        $this->assertEquals([5 => 3, 7 => 14],
            $this->cart->getItems());
        $this->cart->add(5, 10);
        $this->assertEquals([5 => 13, 7 => 14],
            $this->cart->getItems());
    }
    public function testSet()
    {
        $this->cart->add(5, 3);
        $this->cart->add(7, 14);
        $this->cart->set(5, 12);
        $this->assertEquals([5 => 12, 7 => 14],
            $this->cart->getItems());
    }
    public function testRemove()
    {
        $this->cart->add(5, 3);
        $this->cart->remove(5);
        $this->assertEquals([], $this->cart->getItems());
    }
    public function testClear()
    {
        $this->cart->add(5, 3);
        $this->cart->add(7, 14);
        $this->cart->clear();
        $this->assertEquals([], $this->cart->getItems());
    }
    public function testCount()
    {
        $this->cart->add(5, 3);
        $this->assertEquals(1, $this->cart->getCount());
        $this->cart->add(7, 14);
        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->cart->getCount());
    }
    public function testAmount()
    {
        $this->cart->add(5, 3);
        $this->assertEquals(3, $this->cart->getAmount());
        $this->cart->add(7, 14);
        $this->assertEquals(17, $this->cart->getAmount());
    }
    public function testEmptyStorage()
    {
        $cart = new Cart();
        $this->setExpectedException('yii\base\InvalidConfigException');
        $cart->getItems();
    }
}
  1. 添加一个独立的测试,用于检查SessionStorage类:
<?php
namespace book\cart\tests\storage;
use book\cart\storage\SessionStorage;
use book\cart\tests\TestCase;
class SessionStorageTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @var SessionStorage
     */
    private $storage;
    public function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->storage = new SessionStorage(['key' => 'test']);
    }
    public function testEmpty()
    {
        $this->assertEquals([], $this->storage->load());
    }
    public function testStore()
    {
        $this->storage->save($items = [1 => 5, 6 => 12]);
        $this->assertEquals($items, $this->storage->load());
    }
}
  1. 现在我们可以得到如下结构:
book
└── cart
    ├── src
    │ ├── storage
    │ │ ├── SessionStorage.php
    │ │ └── StorageInterface.php
    │ └── Cart.php
    ├── tests
    │ ├── storage
    │ │ ├── FakeStorage.php
    │ │ └── SessionStorageTest.php
    │ ├── bootstrap.php
    │ ├── CartTest.php
    │ └── TestCase.php
    ├── .gitignore
    ├── composer.json
    ├── phpunit.xml.dist
    └── vendor

运行测试

在使用composer install命令安装所有的依赖时,Composer包管理器安装了PHPUnit包到vendor文件中,并将可执行的文件phpunit放在了vendor/bin子文件夹中。

现在我们可以运行如下脚本:

cd book/cart
vendor/bin/phpunit

我们可以看到如下测试报告:

PHPUnit 4.8.26 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.
..........
Time: 906 ms, Memory: 11.50MB
OK (10 tests, 16 assertions)

每一个点都对应了一次成功的测试。

class Cart extends Component
{
    …
    public function remove($id)
    {
        $this->loadItems();
        if (isset($this->_items[$id])) {
            // unset($this->_items[$id]);
        }
        $this->saveItems();
    }
    ...
}
'components' => [
    // …
    'cart' => [
        'class' => 'book\cart\Cart',
        'storage' => [
            'class' => 'book\cart\storage\SessionStorage',
        ],
    ],
],

再次运行测试:

PHPUnit 4.8.26 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.
...F......
Time: 862 ms, Memory: 11.75MB
There was 1 failure:
1) book\cart\tests\CartTest::testRemove
Failed asserting that two arrays are equal.
--- Expected
+++ Actual
@@ @@
Array (
+ 5 => 3
)
/book/cart/tests/CartTest.php:52
FAILURES!
Tests: 10, Assertions: 16, Failures: 1

在这个例子中,我们看到了一次失败(用F标记),以及一次错误报告。

分析代码覆盖率

你必须安装XDebug PHP扩展,https://xdebug.org。例如,在Ubuntu或者Debian上,你可以在终端中,输入如下命令:

sudo apt-get install php5-xdebug

在Windows上,你必须打开php.ini文件,并添加自定义代码到PHP安装路径中:

[xdebug]
zend_extension_ts=C:/php/ext/php_xdebug.dll

或者,如果你使用非线程安全的版本,输入如下内容:

[xdebug]
zend_extension=C:/php/ext/php_xdebug.dll

安装过XDebug以后,使用--coverage-html标志再次运行测试,并指定一个报告路径:

vendor/bin/phpunit --coverage-html tests/_output

在浏览器中打开tests/_output/index.html,你将会看到每一个路径和类的一个明确的覆盖率报告:

你可以点击任何类,并分析代码的哪一行在测试期间还没有被执行。例如,打开Cart类报告:

在我们的例子中,我们忘记测试从数组配置中创建storage。

组件的使用

在Packagist上发布扩展后,我们可以安装一个one-to-any项目:

composer require book/cart

此外,在应用的配置文件中激活组件:

'components' => [
    // …
    'cart' => [
        'class' => 'book\cart\Cart',
        'storage' => [
            'class' => 'book\cart\storage\SessionStorage',
        ],
    ],
],

另外一种方法,不需要在Packagist上发布扩展,我们必须设置@book alias,从而激活正确的类自动加载:

$config = [
    'id' => 'basic',
    'basePath' => dirname(__DIR__),
    'bootstrap' => ['log'],
    'aliases' => [
        '@book' => dirname(__DIR__) . '/book',
    ],
    'components' => [
        'cart' => [
            'class' => 'book\cart\Cart',
            'storage' => [
            'class' => 'book\cart\storage\SessionStorage',
            ],
        ],
        // ...
    ],
]

无论如何,我们可以在我们的项目中以Yii::$app->cart组件的方式使用它:

工作原理...

在创建我们自己的测试前,你必须创建一个子目录,并在你的项目的根目录中添加phpinit.xml或者phpunit.xml.dist文件:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<phpunit bootstrap="./tests/bootstrap.php"
         colors="true"
         convertErrorsToExceptions="true"
         convertNoticesToExceptions="true"
         convertWarningsToExceptions="true"
         stopOnFailure="false">
    <testsuites>
        <testsuite name="Test Suite">
            <directory>./tests</directory>
        </testsuite>
    </testsuites>
    <filter>
        <whitelist>
            <directory suffix=".php">./src/</directory>
        </whitelist>
    </filter>
</phpunit>

如果第二个文件在工作目录中不存在,PHPUnit从第二个文件中加载配置。此外,你可以通过创建bootstrap.php文件来初始化autoloader和你框架的环境:

<?php
defined('YII_DEBUG') or define('YII_DEBUG', true);
defined('YII_ENV') or define('YII_ENV', 'test');
require(__DIR__ . '/../vendor/autoload.php');
require(__DIR__ . '/../vendor/yiisoft/yii2/Yii.php');

最后,你可以通过Composer安装PHPUnit(局部或者全局),并在有XML配置文件的目录中使用phpunit控制台命令。

PHPUnit扫描测试文件,并找到一*Test.php为后缀的文件。所有的测试类必须继承PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase类,并包含以test*为前缀的公共方法:

class MyTest extends TestCase
{
    public function testSomeFunction()
    {
        $this->assertTrue(true);
    }
}

在你的测试中,你可以用任何已有的assert*方法:

$this->assertEqual('Alex', $model->name);
$this->assertTrue($model->validate());
$this->assertFalse($model->save());
$this->assertCount(3, $items);
$this->assertArrayHasKey('username', $model->getErrors());
$this->assertNotNull($model->author);
$this->assertInstanceOf('app\models\User', $model->author);

此外,你可以复写setUp()或者tearDown()方法,用来添加表达式,它将在每一个测试方法之前或者之后运行。

例如,你可以通过重新初始化Yii应用定义自己的基类TestCase

<?php
namespace book\cart\tests;
use yii\di\Container;
use yii\web\Application;
abstract class TestCase extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    protected function setUp()
    {
        parent::setUp();
        $this->mockApplication();
    }
    protected function tearDown()
    {
        $this->destroyApplication();
        parent::tearDown();
    }
    protected function mockApplication()
    {
        new Application([
            'id' => 'testapp',
            'basePath' => __DIR__,
            'vendorPath' => dirname(__DIR__) . '/vendor',
        ]);
    }
    protected function destroyApplication()
    {
        \Yii::$app = null;
        \Yii::$container = new Container();
    }
}

现在你可以在你的子类中扩展这个类。你的test方法在会在一个自己的应用实例中运行。它会帮助你避免副作用,并创建独立了测试。

注意

Yii 2.0.*使用旧版的PHPUnit 4.*,用于兼容PHP5.4。

参考

results matching ""

    No results matching ""